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The annual inflation-adjusted health care costs of cardiovascular risk factors is projected to triple between 2020 and 2050.
A reduction was seen in risk for clinically important kidney outcomes and death from cardiovascular causes.
The findings were seen even after controlling for sociodemographic and other health factors.
A strong recommendation was given for the addition of an SGLT-2 or GLP-1 agonist to metformin, and lifestyle modifications.
Metabolic agents were the most costly category; antidiabetic agents were the mostly costly therapeutic area.
Larger reductions were seen in heart failure-related symptoms and physical limitations for patients with HFpEF and type 2 diabetes.
The findings were seen for residents of remote areas and small towns compared with those living in cities.
Caps are associated with a reduction in insulin costs, mainly driven by patients enrolled in health savings accounts.
Significant improvements were seen for produce consumption, physical activity, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and HbA1c.
An increased risk was seen for atrial fibrillation and cerebrovascular disease, among others.